System Preferences

You can open System Preferences panes (from your application, or the Terminal) by opening a URI like:

x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security

You can find the names to use via:

grep "com.apple.preference" /System/Library/PreferencePanes/*.prefPane/Contents/Info.plist

Only some of them (like security, universalaccess, sharing, and speech) allow this. This claims it's NSPrefPaneAllowsXAppleSystemPreferencesURLScheme, but 8 of my sysprefs panels have that (on 10.14), and most of those don't allow it.

To find the anchors on the current prefs panel:

osascript -e 'tell application "System Preferences" to get anchors of current pane'

Then you can say:

open x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security?Privacy_AllFiles

to view the "Full Disk Access" item.