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~1ST-PIDG~ Parent link: <p-c_docs.ex> | ||
<outline.hyp> | ||
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`Earliest recorded pidgin` | ||
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The first recorded pidgin lect dates from the eleventh century, | ||
consisting of a brief passage of restructured Arabic used in | ||
central Mauritania as a trade jargon. Although only re- | ||
discovered in 1982, it was recorded by the Arab geographer | ||
(living in Spain) Abu 'Ubayd al-Bakrí in 1068 C.E. He quotes a | ||
traveler to the Mauritanian town of Maridi as asserting that | ||
"'The Blacks have mutilated our beautiful language and spoiled | ||
its eloquence with their twisted tongues,'"followed by a ten-line | ||
sample of the variety. The lexicon of the passage is drawn from | ||
Arabic except for "kyk," meaning "the people," which may be from | ||
the Songhai bound morphemes "-koi" + plural "-k." Holm refers | ||
mostly to the Arabic nature of passage being re-structured, | ||
considering similarities beterween creolized and standard | ||
varieties of modern Arabic. | ||
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The subject of the passage was a man who was traveling with his | ||
son and a camel to a place where "the people" ("kyk") were | ||
located. In a familiar fable, the man was called a barbarian, | ||
first for letting his son walk while he rode and then for walking | ||
while his son rode. He ended up by dismissing "the people" | ||
("kuk") as "neither good nor important." {<inc> Thomason and | ||
Elgibali 1986 in <inc> Holm88 14, 568-571} | ||
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Holm, (and I assume, Thomason and Elgibali) implicitly considers | ||
the speaker to be Mauritanian. However, al-Bakrí apparently | ||
refers (at least in Thomason's and Elgibali's translation) to the | ||
speaker as one of the "Blacks." Mauritania was a middle ground | ||
between sub-Saharan Africa and its neighbors to the north. In | ||
any literature that I know of, sub-Saharans are the only ones | ||
labelled as "Blacks" and the "land of the Blacks" is consistently | ||
used to refer to the sub-Saharan region. The Mauritanians had | ||
their own moniker, the "Moors" (from "Maur-"), of whom al Bakrí | ||
was probably one {<inc> --connect or include in a section on | ||
"Moor" and "Black"}, he living in Moorish Spain. The speaker of | ||
mangled Arabic was probably sub-Saharan. The "-koi" etymology | ||
given by Holm strengthens this assertion. Self-referents to "the | ||
people" seem universally distributed {<inc> --refer to Brown's | ||
_Human Universals_ for concept of universal distribution} as | ||
ethnonyms, as well as reference to anyone from outside the group | ||
as some form of "barbarian." The fact that the "barbarian," who | ||
was the subject of the tale (he was not the narrrator), rode a | ||
camel, points further to his Saharan-or-north origin. The upshot | ||
is that the source of the pidginization (as opposed to the | ||
lexical source of the pidgin itself) was most likely sub-Saharan, | ||
possibly a Songhai trading in the middle ground of Maridi and | ||
relating a story to the northern traveler. | ||
This would provide evidence that any non-bioprogram or human | ||
universal independent model of monogenetic diffusion of a | ||
relexification strategy (as opposed to the relexifier, or target, | ||
language) originated in sub-Saharan Africa according to the best | ||
current documentation. Al-Bakrí's manuscript antedates the First | ||
Crusade (1095), often marked as the source of Sabir, by three | ||
decades. The strategy of pidginizing languages (as opposed to | ||
the language that is pidginized), if not a universal, must in | ||
light of this evidence be attributed to sub-Saharan Africa if the | ||
same standards used for arguments of European origin are applied. | ||
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~1st-pidg~ | ||
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The Sl | ||
ow Hypertext Movement | ||
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It was the era when 300 Baud modems gave way to 54K speeds that | ||
made text based browsing somewhat bearable. No longer did you | ||
need to read as slowly as the lines came up on screen, but unless | ||
you were on a university T-1 line (even most students had to use | ||
the ISPs of the day, which were all dial-up), loading an image file | ||
was a five or ten minute wait. for a pixelized aliased compressed | ||
jpg if you needed a higher resolution image and had the appropriate | ||
GUI (Mac or Windows), you were in for an overnight wait for your | ||
image file to download. But most ofr us were on <MS_DOS> |
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Thanks for downloading E! | ||
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E is a small, fast, general purpose editor. It is copyrighted but you are | ||
hereby granted a limited license to use it free of charge. While I am not | ||
aware of any bugs, I make no guarantees about its trustworthiness, so use it at | ||
your own risk. Feel free to share it with others. I only ask that you | ||
distribute these files together and unchanged and charge nothing for them (a | ||
distribution fee of up to $15 is allowed). | ||
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Some of e's features: | ||
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- block and line move and delete functions, to/from buffer or another file | ||
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- find, replace, replace all | ||
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- set tabs, L and R margins, word wrap, autoindent | ||
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- set and jump to labels or line number | ||
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- shell to DOS, one-key execution of batch files | ||
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- DESQview-compatible (run in a window with direct write disabled) | ||
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- assembly language (TASM) for speed and compactness, source included | ||
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- configuration program included to change defaults | ||
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Lines are limited to 80 chars in length. Longer lines in input files are | ||
truncated. Those entered at the terminal are wrapped at 80 characters. Tab | ||
characters encountered as a file is being read in are converted to spaces using | ||
the current tab setting. | ||
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Here is a summary of commands. In the descriptions of these commands, '*' | ||
indicates that the function performs differently if the shift key is down. | ||
When in E, press F1 for help. Whenever you are asked to enter a response to a | ||
prompt (as for a string to find or file name), just pressing Enter will usually | ||
cancel the command. | ||
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Cursor movement: | ||
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left left arrow, Ctrl S | ||
right right arrow, Ctrl D | ||
word left Ctrl left arrow, Ctrl A | ||
word right Ctrl right arrow, Ctrl F | ||
tab right Tab | ||
tab left Shift Tab | ||
to left margin Home | ||
to end of line End | ||
up up arrow, Ctrl E | ||
down down arrow, Ctrl X | ||
page up PgUp, Ctrl R | ||
page down PgDn, Ctrl C | ||
start of file Ctrl PgUp | ||
end of file Ctrl PgDn | ||
assign label (0-9) Alt L | ||
go to label (0-9) Alt G | ||
jump to line # Alt J | ||
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Insert and Delete: | ||
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delete char left backspace | ||
delete char at cursor Del | ||
Pressing delete when the cursor is to the right of all text on a line joins | ||
that line with the line below. | ||
delete word left Ctrl [ | ||
delete word right Ctrl ] | ||
delete to end of line Ctrl \ | ||
delete line Ctrl -, Ctrl Y | ||
undelete line Ctrl ^ | ||
'Delete to end of line' and 'delete line' save the deleted text in a | ||
buffer. Use Ctrl ^ to retrieve one line at a time. The same buffer is | ||
used for block deletes, providing an easy way to move a few lines: delete | ||
the lines individually using Ctrl -, move the cursor to the new location, | ||
then insert all the lines at once using Alt I (see below). If the cursor | ||
is at the left margin when a line is undeleted using Ctrl ^, the line is | ||
inserted above the current line. If it is to the right of the left margin | ||
it overwrites what is currently on the line from that column on. This is | ||
useful for moving comments from the end of one line to another. | ||
toggle insert mode Ins | ||
Toggle between Insert (the default, signified by a line cursor) and | ||
Overwrite (identified by a block cursor) modes of text entry. | ||
insert raw character Alt = * | ||
Insert the character which follows, which might otherwise be interpreted as | ||
a command (for example a form feed character). If shifted, 80h is added to | ||
the character. For example, to enter line drawing characters, press Shift | ||
Alt =, then a character in the set {@, A-J}. Warning: don't start a line | ||
with a character whose ASCII value is > 80h (E uses that bit as a flag when | ||
moving buffered lines during a file swap). | ||
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Insert and Delete Block and File: | ||
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mark start of block Alt B | ||
copy block to buffer Alt C * | ||
delete block to buffer Alt D * | ||
insert block from buffer Alt I * | ||
empty block buffer Alt E * | ||
unmark Alt U | ||
Alt C copies all marked lines (between the line where you pressed Alt B for | ||
'mark start of block' and the present cursor location) to a buffer, or if | ||
the shift key is also down, to a file. Alt D deletes the original lines | ||
after first copying them to the buffer or file. Alt I inserts the contents | ||
of the file or buffer above the present line. Press Alt I several times to | ||
insert multiple copies. To move text, use Alt D then Alt I. To move text | ||
between two files, delete or copy to the block buffer, press Alt O to | ||
change files, then Alt I to insert. You can get lines into the buffer | ||
using either Alt C or Alt D or the line delete commands Ctrl - or Ctrl \ | ||
and out using either Alt I or Ctrl ^. | ||
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All block commands marked with a '*' will read from or write to a file | ||
instead of an internal buffer if the shift key is down (you will be | ||
prompted for a file name). Here's a useful trick: to print part of a | ||
file, first mark the start of the block with Alt B, then use Shift Alt C | ||
and give 'prn' as the file name. | ||
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The block commands work on whole lines only. To move part of a line, use | ||
the Enter key to break it into pieces first. | ||
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Formatting: | ||
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set left margin Ctrl Home | ||
set right margin Ctrl End | ||
These toggle the margin settings between the current cursor location and the | ||
screen edge. | ||
set tab width Alt T | ||
E will expand all tabs found in files it edits. If a file read in doesn't | ||
look right, change the tab width, then read the file in again by pressing | ||
Alt O and reentering the file name. | ||
wrap paragraph Alt W | ||
Readjust line lengths by moving words at the end up or down a line as | ||
necessary to best fill out the lines within the boundaries set by the left | ||
and right margins. Wrapping will start at the beginning of the line the | ||
cursor is on and stop at the first line on which text does not begin at the | ||
left margin. E automatically wraps text as you enter it, moving the first | ||
word that overflows the right margin down to the beginning of a new line. | ||
toggle autoindent mode Ctrl @ | ||
Autoindent mode causes each new line after a carriage return to be indented | ||
as much as the line above it. The default is on, the way you generally will | ||
want it for programming. Turn it off for most word processing except | ||
writing outlines. | ||
Toggle text/programming mode defaults Alt Z | ||
Use this to change quickly between programming and text mode configurations. | ||
E starts in programming mode with margins at 0, 79 and autoindent on. ALT | ||
Z toggles between this and margins at 8, 72 with autoindent mode off for | ||
processing text. You may alter E to start up in text mode each time or | ||
change the default margins using the accompanying configuration program. | ||
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Find and Replace: | ||
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find Alt F * | ||
replace Alt R * | ||
find/replace all Alt A * | ||
After pressing Alt F and entering a string to find, E will put the cursor | ||
at the start of the first string in the text which matches the search | ||
string, ignoring case of letters. If you then press Alt R, you will be | ||
prompted for another string to replace the one just found. Replace must | ||
always be used immediately after Find. If the shift key is also pressed, | ||
the last string entered is used. Use Find/Replace All only if you're sure | ||
you want to change all occurrances of a string. Otherwise use shifted Find | ||
to locate each subsequent occurrence of a string, then shifted Replace only | ||
for those instances you want to replace. | ||
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Files and DOS: | ||
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load other file Alt O * | ||
Alt O will save the current file if changed and prompt for the name of a | ||
new file to edit. Shift Alt O will return you to the last file edited at | ||
the point you left off. Repeatedly pressing Shift Alt O toggles back and | ||
forth between two files. | ||
save and continue Alt S | ||
save and exit Alt X, Esc | ||
Any time an attempt is made to save a file and the disk is full, E will let | ||
you know. If you can't just change disks and try again (perhaps your hard | ||
disk is full), press Alt K, then F2 to shell to DOS, then delete some other | ||
files to make room. Then type 'exit' to return to E, type Alt K again to | ||
mark the file to be saved and try the original command again. | ||
toggle kill save on exit Alt K | ||
Use Alt K before Alt X or Alt O to discard any changes made before exiting. | ||
Pressing Alt K again reinstructs E to save the file at exit. | ||
shell to DOS F2 * | ||
Press F2 to exit E temporarily to run some other file or system command | ||
(for example, DIR). Type 'exit' after you are done to return to E. | ||
execute EFn.BAT F3-F6 * | ||
If it exists, the batch file EFn.BAT will be executed when Fn is pressed, | ||
for n = 3 to 6. The file being edited will be saved first if changed. You | ||
can use this feature to run a .BAT file to compile, link and/or debug the | ||
file you are editing, print the file, perhaps passing it to a print | ||
formatter such as NROFF first, even play a game if you are tired of | ||
working, all without losing your place! | ||
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For example, here is the .BAT file I use to invoke the Turbo assembler, | ||
linker and debugger for e. It is named 'EF3.BAT', and runs whenever I push | ||
F3. '%1' is automatically replaced by the name of the file being edited | ||
without the extension. | ||
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tasm -zi %1 | ||
IF ERRORLEVEL 1 GOTO fix | ||
tlink /v %1 | ||
IF ERRORLEVEL 1 GOTO fix | ||
tdstrip -s %1 | ||
exe2bin %1 %1.com | ||
td %1.com | ||
:fix | ||
exit | ||
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If you use this feature to invoke an assembler or compiler, I recommend you | ||
also install a program like BUFFIT to allow you to retrieve error messages | ||
that have scrolled off the top of the screen. Alternatively, you could | ||
redirect the output of the compiler to your printer or add 'pause' at the | ||
end of the batch file. | ||
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Here's a .BAT file to print the file currently being edited. If you call | ||
it EF4.BAT, it will cause the file to be printed when you press F4: | ||
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copy %1 prn | ||
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If the shift key is pressed along with F2 or F3 - F6, E contracts down to | ||
under 7K, writing the file being edited to disk if changed, then reading it | ||
back in afterward. Anything in the block or other buffers is lost. Use | ||
this if the application which you are leaving E to run won't fit otherwise. | ||
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I'd like to thank some folks who have helped with this project. Jim DeVries | ||
wrote ECONFIG.EXE, with which you may change many of E's default settings. | ||
Mike Robertson sent me the original code to allow E to run under DESQview and | ||
contributed many helpful suggestions as I was developing and debugging E. | ||
Many other users have contributed helpful suggestions for improvements and bug | ||
reports -- thanks to all of you. Thanks also to Barry Nance who said nice | ||
things about E in his column in the September '91 BYTE. | ||
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I'd appreciate hearing about any bugs, and welcome any other comments. To | ||
contact me, leave mail to dnye on BIX or write me at the address below. Please | ||
enclose a stamped, self-addressed envelope if you write and want a reply. | ||
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David Nye MD | ||
4209 W Lowe's Creek Rd. | ||
Eau Claire, WI 54701 | ||
1 Feb, 1991 | ||
BIX name: dnye | ||
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Version history | ||
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0.2, 1 Jan 1990 | ||
First widely released. | ||
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0.3, 20 Jan 1990 | ||
Added F2 to execute a DOS command, Alt Z as a quick way to set up word | ||
processing defaults. Clearer help screen. ESC no longer exits (I kept | ||
hitting it by mistake). Use Alt X instead. Some minor bug fixes. Added | ||
more color monitor support (default colors, cursor fix). | ||
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0.4, 28 Jan 1990 | ||
More bug fixes (last line in file no longer has CR LF appended, can no | ||
longer start e up without a file name on the command line, then escape out | ||
of entering a file name at the prompt). There is now a byte settable with | ||
debug to start e up in text mode instead of programming mode. Can enter | ||
chars above 80h with Shift Alt =. Wrapping a line ending in one of the | ||
punctuation characters in the set {.;:!?} leaves two spaces after the | ||
character. | ||
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0.5, 15 Feb 1990 | ||
More minor bug fixes. | ||
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0.6, 28 Feb 1990 | ||
Added ability to run under DESQview and F3-F6 functions (to execute BATs). | ||
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1.0, 15 Mar 1990 | ||
Bug fixes. Added shifted F2-F6 functions. | ||
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1.1, 7 July 1990 | ||
More bug fixes. Now works under older (v. 2.?) DOS, recognises disk full. | ||
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1.2, 12 Oct 1990 | ||
Minor bug fixes. | ||
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1.3, 1 Feb 1991 | ||
Added Shift Alt O command to return to last file edited. The lower of two | ||
lines joined by pressing delete at the end of the upper line now has leading | ||
spaces deleted. | ||
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1.4, 13 Dec 1991 | ||
Bug fixes, find is now case-insensitive. |
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