.NET 9 and some minor improvements

- Improved/fixed samples.
- Operations of mutable types can now be chained as they return a reference to themselves for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations.
- Wrapped fields and properties now return the value after set operations.
- `EzrObject`'s `NewNothingConstant` and `NewBooleanConstant` are now static.
- Private static symbols accessing using the static keyword no longer raise errors.

samples/better_turing_machine.ezr2

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+@ A turing machine written in ezr²
+@ Based on https://python-course.eu/applications-python/turing-machine.php
+
+object tape do
+    private static constant blank_symbol: ` `
+
+    private tape: []
+    constant function initialize with tape_string: "" do
+        for each char in tape_string do
+            tape + char
+        end
+    end
+
+    constant function to_string do
+        str: ''
+        for each char in tape do
+            str + char
+        end
+
+        return str
+    end
+
+    constant function is_less_than with other do
+        if type_of(other) ! "ezrSquared.Integer" do
+            throw_error(unexpected_type_error("Expected an integer but got object of type \"" + type_name_of(other) + "\"!"))
+        end
+
+        return if other >= 0 and other < this.tape.length() do (this.tape < other) else do (static blank_symbol)
+    end
+end
+
+object turing_machine do
+
+    private tape: nothing
+    private final_states: ()
+    private transition_functions: {}
+
+    private head_position: 0
+    private current_state: nothing
+
+    constant function initialize with tape, initial_state, final_states: nothing, transition_functions: nothing do
+        this.tape: global tape(tape)
+        this.current_state: initial_state
+
+        if transition_functions ! nothing do
+            this.transition_functions: transition_functions
+        end
+
+        if final_states ! nothing do
+            this.final_states: final_states
+        end
+    end
+
+    function get_tape do tape.to_string()
+
+    function do_step do
+        char_under_head: tape < head_position
+        x: (current_state, char_under_head)
+
+        if x in transition_functions do
+            y: transition_functions < x
+            this.tape < this.head_position: y < 1
+
+            if y < 2 = `R` do
+                this.head_position:+ 1
+            else if y < 2 = `L` do
+                this.head_position:- 1
+            end
+
+            this.current_state: y < 0
+        end
+    end
+
+    function final do current_state in final_states
+end
+
+initial_state: "init"
+accepting_states: ("final",)
+transition_functions: {("init",`0`):("init", `1`, `R`),
+                       ("init",`1`):("init", `0`, `R`),
+                       ("init",` `):("final",` `, `N`)}
+final_states: ("final",)
+
+machine: turing_machine("010011001 ", initial_state, final_states, transition_functions)
+
+show("Input on tape: ", machine.get_tape())
+
+while not machine.final() do
+    machine.do_step()
+end
+
+show("Tape after processing: ", machine.get_tape())

samples/turing_machine_demo.ezr2 → samples/simple_turing_machine.ezr2

@@ -42,43 +42,44 @@ function action with input_char, replace_with, move, new_state do
     return false
 end
 
+accept: false
 while old_tapehead ! tapehead do
     old_tapehead: tapehead
 
     show(tape, " with tapehead at index ", tapehead, " on state ", state)
 
     if state = 0 do
-        if action(a, X, R, 1) do 1 else if action(B, B, R, 10) do 1 else if action(Z, Z, R, 7) do 1 else if action(b, U, R, 4) do 1
+        action(a, X, R, 1) or action(B, B, R, 10) or action(Z, Z, R, 7) or action(b, U, R, 4) 
     else if state = 1 do
-        if action(a, a, R, 1) do 1 else if action(b, b, R, 2) do 1 else if action(B, B, L, 11) do 1
+        action(a, a, R, 1) or action(b, b, R, 2) or action(B, B, L, 11) 
     else if state = 2 do
-        if action(b, b, R, 2) do 1 else if action(Z, Z, R, 2) do 1 else if action(a, Z, L, 3) do 1
+        action(b, b, R, 2) or action(Z, Z, R, 2) or action(a, Z, L, 3) 
     else if state = 3 do
-        if action(b, b, L, 3) do 1 else if action(Z, Z, L, 3) do 1 else if action(a, a, L, 3) do 1 else if action(X, X, R, 0) do 1
+        action(b, b, L, 3) or action(Z, Z, L, 3) or action(a, a, L, 3) or action(X, X, R, 0) 
     else if state = 4 do
-        if action(b, b, R, 4) do 1 else if action(Z, Z, R, 5) do 1 else if action(B, B, L, 15) do 1
+        action(b, b, R, 4) or action(Z, Z, R, 5) or action(B, B, L, 15) 
     else if state = 5 do
-        if action(Z, Z, R, 5) do 1 else if action(V, V, R, 5) do 1 else if action(b, V, L, 6) do 1
+        action(Z, Z, R, 5) or action(V, V, R, 5) or action(b, V, L, 6) 
     else if state = 6 do
-        if action(Z, Z, L, 6) do 1 else if action(V, V, L, 6) do 1 else if action(b, b, L, 6) do 1 else if action(U, U, R, 0) do 1
+        action(Z, Z, L, 6) or action(V, V, L, 6) or action(b, b, L, 6) or action(U, U, R, 0) 
     else if state = 7 do
-        if action(Z, Z, R, 7) do 1 else if action(V, V, R, 8) do 1
+        action(Z, Z, R, 7) or action(V, V, R, 8) 
     else if state = 8 do
-        if action(V, V, R, 8) do 1 else if action(B, B, R, 9) do 1
+        action(V, V, R, 8) or action(B, B, R, 9) 
     else if state = 11 do
-        if action(a, a, L, 11) do 1 else if action(X, X, R, 12) do 1
+        action(a, a, L, 11) or action(X, X, R, 12) 
     else if state = 12 do
-        if action(a, Z, R, 13) do 1
+        action(a, Z, R, 13) 
     else if state = 13 do
-        if action(a, X, R, 12) do 1 else if action(B, B, R, 14) do 1
+        action(a, X, R, 12) or action(B, B, R, 14) 
     else if state = 15 do
-        if action(b, b, L, 15) do 1 else if action(U, U, R, 16) do 1
+        action(b, b, L, 15) or action(U, U, R, 16) 
     else if state = 16 do
-        if action(b, V, R, 17) do 1
+        action(b, V, R, 17) 
     else if state = 17 do
-        if action(b, U, R, 16) do 1 else if action(B, B, R, 18) do 1
+        action(b, U, R, 16) or action(B, B, R, 18) 
     else do
-        item accept: true
+        accept: true
     end
 end
 

samples/tic_tac_toe_demo.ezr2

@@ -1,135 +1,150 @@
 @ A demo for the ezr² programming language
 @ https://github.com/Uralstech/ezrSquared
 
+static object POSITION do
+    EMPTY: `-`
+    X: `X`
+    O: `O`
+    ANY: `/`
+end
+
 @ Main game matrix
-game: [["-", "-", "-"],
-       ["-", "-", "-"],
-       ["-", "-", "-"]]
+game: ([POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY],
+       [POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY],
+       [POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY])
 
 @ Winning cases
-wins: [[["n", "n", "n"],
-        ["-", "-", "-"],
-        ["-", "-", "-"]],
+wins: (((POSITION.ANY, POSITION.ANY, POSITION.ANY),
+        (POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY),
+        (POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY)),
 
-       [["-", "-", "-"],
-        ["n", "n", "n"],
-        ["-", "-", "-"]],
+       ((POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY),
+        (POSITION.ANY, POSITION.ANY, POSITION.ANY),
+        (POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY)),
 
-       [["-", "-", "-"],
-        ["-", "-", "-"],
-        ["n", "n", "n"]],
+       ((POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY),
+        (POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY),
+        (POSITION.ANY, POSITION.ANY, POSITION.ANY)),
 
-       [["n", "-", "-"],
-        ["n", "-", "-"],
-        ["n", "-", "-"]],
+       ((POSITION.ANY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY),
+        (POSITION.ANY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY),
+        (POSITION.ANY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY)),
 
-       [["-", "n", "-"],
-        ["-", "n", "-"],
-        ["-", "n", "-"]],
+       ((POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.ANY, POSITION.EMPTY),
+        (POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.ANY, POSITION.EMPTY),
+        (POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.ANY, POSITION.EMPTY)),
 
-       [["-", "-", "n"],
-        ["-", "-", "n"],
-        ["-", "-", "n"]],
+       ((POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.ANY),
+        (POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.ANY),
+        (POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.ANY)),
 
-       [["-", "-", "n"],
-        ["-", "n", "-"],
-        ["n", "-", "-"]],
+       ((POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.ANY),
+        (POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.ANY, POSITION.EMPTY),
+        (POSITION.ANY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY)),
 
-       [["n", "-", "-"],
-        ["-", "n", "-"],
-        ["-", "-", "n"]]]
+       ((POSITION.ANY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY),
+        (POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.ANY, POSITION.EMPTY),
+        (POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.EMPTY, POSITION.ANY)))
 
 @ Function to show game matrix in more readable form
 function show_game do
-    count to game.length as i do
-        s: ""
-        count to (game <= i).length as j do s: s + game <= i <= j + " "
+    for each i in game do
+        row: ''
 
-        show(s)
+        for each j in i do
+            row + j
+            row + ` `
+        end
+
+        show(row)
     end
 end
 
 @ Function for checking if the game is over, and who has won
 function check_result do
     full: true
-    count to wins.length as i do
-        x_pts: 0
-        o_pts: 0
-        count to game.length as j do
-            count to (game <= j).length as k do
-                if wins <= i <= j <= k = "n" do
-                    if game <= j <= k = "x" do x_pts: x_pts + 1
-                    if game <= j <= k = "o" do o_pts: o_pts + 1
+
+    for each case in wins do
+        x_points: 0
+        o_points: 0
+
+        count to game.length() as i do
+            count to (game < i).length() as j do
+                if game < i < j = POSITION.EMPTY do
+                    full: false
+                    skip
+                else if case < i < j = POSITION.EMPTY do
+                    skip
                 end
 
-                if game <= j <= k = "-" do full: false
+                if game < i < j = POSITION.X do
+                    x_points:+ 1
+                else if game < i < j = POSITION.O do
+                    o_points:+ 1
+                end
             end
 
-            if x_pts >= 3 do
-                return "x"
-            else if o_pts >= 3 do
-                return "o"
+            if x_points >= 3 do
+                return POSITION.X
+            else if o_points >= 3 do
+                return POSITION.O
             end
         end
     end
 
-    return full.as_integer().as_string()
+    return if full do "FULL" else do false
 end
 
-@ Function to register the players" current move
+@ Function to register the player's current move
 function move_game with position, char do
     y: if position <= 3 do 0 else if position <= 6 do 1 else if position <= 9 do 2 else do -1
     x: if position <= 3 do position - 1 else if position <= 6 do position - 4 else if position <= 9 do position - 7 else do -1
     if (y < 0 or x < 0) or position <= 0 do return "INVALID POSITION"
-    if game <= y <= x ! "-" do return "INVALID POSITION"
+    if game < y < x ! POSITION.EMPTY do return "INVALID POSITION"
 
-    gamey : game <= y
-
-    gamey - x
-    gamey.insert(x, char)
-
-    game - y
-    game.insert(y, gamey)
-
-    return game
+    (global game) < y < x: char
 end
 
 @ Showing the matrix
-show("\n")
 show_game()
 
 @ Main gameloop
-char: "x"
+char: POSITION.X
 while true do
     try do
-        move: get(("Enter position (" + char) + ") ").as_integer()
+        input: get("Enter position (" + char + ") ")
+
+        if input.length() ! 1 do throw_error(unexpected_type_error("Expected single-digit number!"))
+
+        move_char: "" + input < 0
+        if move_char < 48 or move_char > 57 do throw_error(unexpected_type_error("Expected single-digit number!"))
+
+        move: move_char - 48
     catch do
         show("INVALID INPUT")
         skip
     end
 
     move: move_game(move, char)
-    if type_of(move) = "string" do
+    if type_name_of(move) = "string" do
         show(move)
         skip
-    else do
-        game: move
     end
 
     show("\n")
     show_game()
 
     result: check_result()
-    if result = "1" do
+    if result = "FULL" do
         show("Draw!")
         stop
-    else if result = "x" do
+    else if result = POSITION.X do
         show("X has won!")
         stop
-    else if result = "o" do
+    else if result = POSITION.O do
         show("O has won!")
         stop
     end
 
-    char: if char = "x" do "o" else do "x"
+    char: if char = POSITION.X do POSITION.O else do POSITION.X
 end

src/EzrSquared.csproj

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 		<OutputTypes>Library</OutputTypes>
 		<RuntimeIdentifiers>win-x64;win-arm64;linux-x64;linux-arm64;osx-x64;osx-arm64</RuntimeIdentifiers>
 		<Platforms>AnyCPU</Platforms>
-		<TargetFrameworks>net8.0;netstandard2.1</TargetFrameworks>
-		<LangVersion>12</LangVersion>
+		<TargetFrameworks>net9.0;netstandard2.1</TargetFrameworks>
+		<LangVersion>13</LangVersion>
 
 		<ImplicitUsings>Disable</ImplicitUsings>
 		<Nullable>Enable</Nullable>
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 		<Title>ezr² Portable Library</Title>
 		<Description>The ezr² programming language, as a portable class library! This can be used to integrate ezr² as an embedded scripting language in your apps, websites and more!</Description>
 
-		<PackageVersion>0.11.2-unstable</PackageVersion>
+		<PackageVersion>0.11.3-unstable</PackageVersion>
 
 		<Authors>Udayshankar Ravikumar</Authors>
 		<Company>URAV ADVANCED LEARNING SYSTEMS PRIVATE LIMITED</Company>